Figure WN14.4. Patterns of mutational variance. (A) Mutational heritability, V_M/V_E, is higher for adult morphological traits (M) than for traits related to growth (G) or reproduction (known as life-history traits; L). (B) This pattern is seen because the environmental variance is much higher for growth and reproductive traits. When mutational variance is scaled relative to the trait mean, it is higher for growth and reproductive traits than for adult morphology. (The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio between the standard deviation and the mean: CV_M = /.) (Modified from Houle et al. 1996, Figs. 1 and 2.)

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